Factors Affecting Chicken Livestock Business Income in Lubuk Linggau City

This research aims to analyze the amount of independent chicken business income and the factors that affect the income of independent chicken farming. This study analyzed 5 independent chicken breeders in Lubuk Linggau City which is a chicken production center. The data was collected by the survey method and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The findings of this research identified that the amount of chicken ownership, education, labor, production costs, and selling price had a positive effect on the income of independent chicken breeders in Lubuk Linggau City. While farmers' age and experience did not have a positive effect on their income. The results show the correlation coefficient test (R) obtained a value of 0.82, which means the relationship between independent variables and income is 82.1% and the rest is influenced by other variables not included in this study. This research is useful for independent chicken breeders to consider the amount of chicken ownership, education, labor, production costs, and selling price because they have a positive effect on income.


Introduction
The livestock sub-sector is part of the agricultural sector which has an important role in supporting the regional and national economy. Poultry business in Indonesia has become a business that has complete components from upstream to downstream sectors. The livestock sub-sector contributed 1.57% to Indonesia's GDP in 2017 (Directorate General of PKH, 2018). The development of livestock business makes a real contribution to agricultural development and has strategic value, namely meeting the domestic animal protein needs and providing job opportunities for the community.
However, in its development, broiler chicken farms generally face problems, including low capital control, lack of technology mastery, fluctuating prices, low access to markets, and low operating margins. Chicken breeders can collaborate or partner with a company to overcome these problems.
The chicken business in Indonesia has become an industry for business development at this time, the broiler farm business is one type of business that has the potential to be developed. This cannot be separated from various advantages that are owned by broiler chickens, among others, a relatively short production period of approximately 32-35 days, relatively cheap prices, increasing demand and various other advantages compared to other poultry.
Cost accounting holds three main functions, namely setting the cost of production (product cost), controlling costs (cost control) and making special decisions (special decision making). In this study, the researcher will only discuss one of the objectives of cost accounting, namely calculating the cost of production. To assess the cost of a product, cost accounting records, categorizes and summarizes the costs to make a product or service with a certain step.
The success of a livestock business is not only determined by the large number of livestock that are kept, but also must be supported by a good management system, so that production and revenue results are as expected. Part of the revenue is used to cover production costs and the rest is used as income. The size of the income obtained can be used as a measure of the success of managing a business. Income analysis in the beef cattle business needs to be done because so far farmers have not paid attention to the aspects of the financing that have been issued and the income obtained, so that in turn it is not widely known the level of income earned. . This income analysis is needed to determine the amount of production costs and their effect on the income received by farmers (Halim et., al 2014).

Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the problem above, the researchers identified the following problems: 1. Does the cost of production affect the income of independent chicken farms? 2. Does the selling price affect the income of independent chicken farms?, 3. Do production costs and selling prices affect the income of independent chickens?

Research Objectives
Based on the above background, the objectives of this research are: 1. To determine the effect of production costs on income results in independent chicken farms. 2. To determine the effect of selling price per kilogram (kg) on the income of independent chickens. 3. To determine the effect of production costs and income per kilogram on the income of independent chickens.

Production Cost
According to Supriyono (2018: 19), "Production costs are all costs related to the production function or activities of processing raw materials into finished products." According to Badriyah (2015:45-46), production costs can be grouped into:

Raw Material Cost
According to Wijaya (2018: 144), "The cost of raw materials is the cost of materials used to be processed and will become materials for finished products. Raw materials are the largest part that make up the finished product so they are classified directly in the cost of each type of goods." According to Putra (2018:119-120), the cost of raw materials can be divided into two types, namely: a. Direct material cost Direct material costs are costs that are used to purchase direct materials. b. Indirect raw material costs Indirect raw material costs are costs used to purchase indirect raw materials.

Labor Cost
According to Supriyono (2018:20), labor costs are all remuneration (tekenprestasi) provided by e-ISSN: 2746-4032 Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2022 the company to all employees. Labor costs in factories are classified into direct labor costs and indirect labor costs.

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a. Direct labor costs are remuneration provided to employees whose benefits can be identified or traced to certain products produced by the company. b. Indirect labor costs are remuneration provided to employees, but the benefits cannot be identified or traced to certain products produced by the company.

Factory Overhead Cost
According to Sumarsan (2013: 106), "Factory overhead costs are indirect material costs, direct labor costs and all other manufacturing costs that cannot be charged directly to certain products." Production costs included in factory overhead costs are grouped according to their nature as follows. : 1. The cost of auxiliary materials are materials that are not part of the finished product or materials which, although they are part of the product, are relatively small in value when compared to the cost of production. 2. Indirect labor costs are factory workers whose wages cannot be calculated directly for certain products or orders. 3. The cost of electricity is the cost used in the production process to turn on the production machine and as lighting during the production process.

Selling Price
The selling price is a number of costs incurred by a company or organization to produce a product or service plus the percentage of profit desired by the company. The selling price can be determined from the total costs incurred in the production process added to the margin. The selling price according to Achmad is the estimated exchange rate of the product which is determined in money. The selling price is the price obtained from the sum of the total production costs plus the mark-up used to cover the company's factory overhead costs.
According to Gregory Lewis, as quoted by Achmad, the selling price is the amount of money the buyer is willing to pay and the seller is willing to accept. The selling price is the value reflected in the list price, the retail price, and the price is the final value received by the company as revenue or net price. The selling price is the sum of the cost of goods sold, administrative costs, selling costs, and the desired profit.

Income
Income is the profit of farming in one year's business which is for the owner, wages, management and own capital used for the business (Ratnasari, et al., 2015). Every farmer always expects success in his business. The ability of farmers to manage their business is a very decisive factor in achieving optimal results in laying hens. The size of the business scale does not guarantee that the productivity obtained by farmers will be high if it is not supported by good maintenance management in running their livestock business (Andri et al., 2011). Basically, the goal of every business is to get the maximum profit possible and to be able to maintain the sustainability of its business. A livestock business is said to be financially feasible if the profits obtained are greater than the costs incurred so that the business can survive (Amrizal, et al., 2011).
Factors that affect revenue are product sales volume and product selling price. In general, the main goal to be achieved by a company is to earn revenue. Sales volume is a very important factor affecting the size of the income that will be obtained by farmers for their efforts in carrying out broiler type maintenance. To get the maximum profit from sales, farmers must keep their livestock deaths as low as possible. Then for the selling price of the product, it is a value in the form of money to appreciate every product produced from a business, such as a broiler farming business whose products are live chickens which are rewarded with an amount of money per kilogram (Suwiangadana, et al., 2013).

Framework
The research conceptual framework explains the relationship between the variables to be tested, namely the analysis of the factors that influence the income of independent chickens in the city of Lubuklinggau. The framework of the research concept can be seen in this figure:

Research Method
The study used a survey method by going through two stages, namely the pre-survey stage and the survey stage. The pre-survey stage is carried out to determine the research location and the breeders who will be respondents. The survey stage was carried out to collect data through direct interviews with respondents based on a list of existing questions and to see firsthand the condition of farmers

Population and sample
Population is a number of objects/subjects in a study that have certain characteristics and qualities. The population in this study were all chicken farmers in Lubuk-Linggau City.
The farmer sampling method is selected by farmers in the sample group who have independent Selling Price / KG (X2) Production cost (X1) ( e-ISSN: 2746-4032 Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2022 Published by: chicken farmers in the production period and have been in maintenance for five years.

Technical Analysis
Technical analysis of the data used in this study is to use the SPSS statistical tool in performing the Classical Assumption Test Hypothesis Testing, t-test, F-test, and the Coefficient of Determination (R2).

Variable Operational Definition
1. Production costs Production costs are costs related to the calculation of the cost of production or cost of goods sold.

Selling Price Variable
Selling price is the amount of price charged / charged to consumers obtained from the calculation of production costs plus non-production costs and the expected profit. 3. Income variable Income is the amount of money received by the company from its activities, mostly from selling products and services to customers.

Findings and Discussions
Based on the results of the classical assumption test, the research model meets the classical assumption test. then, after the classical assumption test is met, the next step is to test the hypothesis. The following are the results of hypothesis testing which include t and F test .

Model
T Sig. In Table 2, the Fcount value is 50.369 and the sig value is 0.000 where the Ftable value for 3 samples with a probability of 0.05 is 3.028 so it can be concluded that 50.369 > 3.028, then sig 0.000 <0.05 then the result rejects H0 and accepts Ha or In other words, the variables of production costs and selling prices simultaneously (simultaneously) affect the income variable of independent chicken farms in Lubuk Linggau City, although with different contributions, with these results, the second hypothesis proposed by the researcher is proven.
Based on the calculation of the F test that has been carried out, it can be concluded that all of the independent variables (production costs and selling prices) have a significant simultaneous or joint effect on the dependent variable (income), thus chicken owners should consider the production cost variable properly. and the selling price before making a decision to raise chickens in Lubuk Linggau city, because these variables quite affect the income in chicken farming.